
ANGEL APPLICANT, 1939
Writing in his journal in the late 1920s, Max Horkheimer, painfully aware of the violence that had been tearing German apart for a decade, stubbornly retained his pacifist disposition, though haunted by its evident limitations.
At roughly the same time, far to the south of Germany in the Transvaal, Mahatma Gandhi proposed a way out of this impasse through the idea of satyagraha, “soul force, pure and simple”. He writes: